There are many important connections between epistemic justification and moral justification. A recent example of such connections is offered by Sosa’s AAA model for the normative evaluation of epistemic performances. In order to count as knowledge, a belief has to be Accurate in attaining the truth, the subject has to be Adroit or competent for such task, and the belief has to be Apt in the sense that the accuracy of the belief has to manifest the adroitness of the subject. (...) In addition, full knowledge would require full-aptness, which is obtained when the aim of aptness is achieved in an apt way. We have here a clear definition of the model. But the application of the model to particular performances is not so clear. Both the identification of a particular performance as a case of epistemic performance and the assessment of its aptness, or full-aptness, are strongly relative to intentional descriptions paying attention to contextual factors and personal aspects. Here is where we can find close proximity with ethics. An epistemic analog to the ethical problem of double effects appears. In our paper, we analyze that problem in detail, extracting some consequences. (shrink)

Las nuevas tecnologías parecen estar cambiando radicalmente nuestro mundo. Analizamos aquí las condiciones para que esto sea así con relación a un grupo muy importante de fenómenos vinculados a las tecnologías computacionales y a las biotecnologías, que responden a denominaciones de uso ya muy extendido, en buena medida gracias a los medios de comunicación: realidad virtual, realidad aumentada, inteligencia artificial, humanidad mejorada e Internet de las cosas. Argumentamos que la inteligencia artificial ocupa entre ellos un lugar central y que la (...) constitución de un mundo realmente nuevo depende esencialmente de nuestras actitudes ante ella. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present, and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

Time has a highly unstable place between the objective and the subjective. On the one side, there are very well known philosophical arguments trying to show that time has only a subjective reality, even that it is merely a subjective epiphenomenon. On the other side, we are compelled to take points of view as non dispensable elements of reality, at least of a reality capable of containing beings like us. And points of view offer a world of temporal entities existing (...) in an objective way. Moreover, points of view themselves appear to be temporal entities among other temporal entities. We analyse both aspects of time. Our main focus will be McTaggart’s arguments against the reality of a fluent time, what he called temporal series of kind A. We will distinguish three very different arguments in McTaggart works. We analyse them in detail. And we reject their conclusive character. Our final target is to maintain that there is a room for fluent time in what is internal to points of view but external to the subjects adopting those points of view. (shrink)

Después de varias décadas de discusión en torno a las críticas de JohnSearle al Computacionalismo, y en especial a la Inteligencia Artificial, esconveniente tomar cierta perspectiva. A pesar de la gran influencia de susplanteamientos, ni su experimento mental de “La habitación china” ni sudistinción entre simular y duplicar pueden ser tomados como mostrando lainviabilidad del computacionalismo. El contraste entre “realidades meramentesimuladas” y “auténticas realidades” no es ontológico sino epistemológico.Y su distinción entre simular y duplicar descansa en un uso muyambiguo de (...) las nociones de “causa” y de “poderes causales”. En contra delo pretendido por Searle, no pueden establecerse a priori argumentos concluyentesque apoyen el rechazo del computacionalismo. (shrink)

El trabajo explora diferentes posibilidades a la hora de mantener una posición compatibilista de la libertad, en un sentido fuerte, con el determinismo. La noción de determinismo es analizada con especial detalle. Se defiende una concepción general de la libertad como cierto tipo de causación mental en un marco no fatalista. Y se argumenta que dentro de esta concepción de la libertad seguirían existiendo varias posibilidades compatibilistas, unas más radicales que otras.

En este trabajo se argumenta que no es posible contar objetos reales. Aunque a primera vista esta tesis pueda resultar desconcertante, o un simple ejercicio de «arte conceptual», las razones que la apoyan son fundadas y muy naturales. Se examinan algunas consecuencias importantes de dicha tesis y se ponen en conexión con diversos planteamientos de H. Putnam, P. Unger y E. Sosa.

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

Although it has acquired an extraordinary social diffusion, entrepreneurial education has a certain lack of definition associated with its conceptualisation and meaning. It seems clear that entrepreneurial education is linked to the economic sphere, but it is not limited to the productive sector. The idea of entrepreneurial education has been progressively enriched, being linked to the development of skills for personal growth and social progress. Further clarification of the meaning and scope of entrepreneurial education is, therefore, needed. Thus, it is (...) relevant to analyse entrepreneurial identity in the context of personal identity via the theoretical–explanatory investigation of a model developed in two phases. A critical analysis leads us to study the different factors that intervene in the configuration of this identity in an attempt to construct a systemic map of entrepreneurial action. Between the private and the public, entrepreneurs seek new ways of facing the challenges of our times, trying to find new ways of regenerating the links between individuals and institutions and with society in general. In this sense, we show how entrepreneurial educational ecosystems acquire relevance insofar as they consider the subject as the principle of action rather than merely the result of various contextual factors. (shrink)

El escenario energético de escasez a nivel mundial se empieza a reflejar fuertemente en América Latina. Chile tiene una política energética diseñada en el período dictatorial, y administrada en la democracia, que hace muy vulnerable su economía, su medio ambiente y su seguridad. En este artículo se analizan críticamente los diversos aspectos que inciden fuertemente en el actual escenario energético chileno, sobre todo en lo que respecta a la política de integración con sus vecinos latinoamericanos, desde donde se puede vislumbrar (...) también una solución sustentable a los problemas energéticos futuros. (shrink)

Rationale, aims and objectives Given the increasing prevalence of cataract and demand for cataract extraction surgery, patients must often wait to undergo this procedure. We validated a previously developed priority scoring system in terms of clinical variables, pre-intervention health status, appropriateness of surgery and gain in visual acuity (VA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods Explicit prioritization criteria for cataract extraction created by a variation of the Research and Development (RAND) and University of California Los Angeles appropriateness methodology were retrospectively (...) applied to a prospective cohort of 5257 patients on waiting lists to undergo cataract by phacoemulsification at 17 hospitals in Spain. Demographic data, clinical data and data related to surgical technique were collected by trained ophthalmologists. Patients were evaluated by their ophthalmologist before the intervention and 6 weeks afterward. They also completed, by mail, the Visual Function Index (VF-14) before the intervention and 3 months afterward.Results High-priority patients experienced greater improvement in VA and HRQoL than those classified as intermediate or low-priority (P < 0.0001), even after adjusting by VA and the VF-14 score at baseline. The time to intervention was the same for high-priority patients as it was for intermediate and low-priority patients.Conclusions The priority score we developed identified patients most likely to experience the greatest improvements from cataract extraction. Use of this tool could provide a fairer and more rational way to prioritize patients for cataract extraction. (shrink)

In contrast with the development of big theories in the context of social sciences, there is nowadays an increasing interest in the construction of simulation models for complex phenomena. Those simulation models suggest a certain image of social sciences as a kind of, let us say, "patchwork". In that image, an increase in understanding about the phenomena modeled is obtained through a certain sort of aggregation. There is not an application of sound, established theories to all the phenomena of a (...) certain kind, but an aggregation of the structures supposed, and of the results obtained, when particular systems are modeled. The recent case of the "El Farol Bar" problem, and the models built in order to face this problem, are a good example of this. We will analyze that case, trying to make clear what would be implied by the image above mentioned. Special attention will be paid to the need to take seriously the notion of a bounded rationality, linked to the special circumstances generating each decision problem, and to the existence of an irreducible pluralism of models. (shrink)

The synthesis between death and vocation that has in the structure ‘being toward vocation’ its conclusion is the key to human finitude according to Ortega y Gasset. This means, against Heidegger’s ‘being toward death’, that in Ortega death, far from being understood as a priori horizon of meaning of existence and sign of human finitude, is an essential ingredient -and a posteriori- of human life which, together with the human vocation, essentially defines existence. The development of that synthesis obliges us (...) to explain two fundamental problems that form part of the essence of death. The first is the mystery of death, which is basically due to two questions: the enigmatic ceasing to be that describes death, and the particular fact that death is simultaneously exterior and interior to life, strange and familiar. The second problem is the question of why human beings do not want to die and want to live, a question substantially linked to the question of the meaning of human life. (shrink)

There are important cases where properties not referred to by expressions from the languages of physics are enabled in certain times and circumstances to get causal control over some kinds of physical events. I will argue that in those cases we would have to transfer to those properties the causal sufficiency to bring about these events. This would offer a principle of causal inheritance in sharp contrast with the inheritance principle for the causal sufficiency of second order properties defended by (...) Jaegwon Kim in his recent discussion of the causal exclusion problem concerning mental properties. The two principles would be very different. Their domains of application would be distinct. Kim's principle would transfer causal sufficiency to the more "concrete" physical properties able to realize mental properties understood as second order properties. Our principle would transfer causal sufficiency to the more "general" properties able to cause the relevant physical effects in the times and circumstances in question. That way, it would be possible to give a quite simple answer to the problem of causal exclusion posed by Kim in relation to mental properties. Our approach also would have very important consequences in relation to ordinary macrophysical causation. (shrink)

In contrast with the development of big theories in the context of social sciences, there is nowadays an increasing interest in the construction of simulation models for complex phenomena. Those simulation models suggest a certain image of social sciences as a kind of, let us say, "patchwork". In that image, an increase in understanding about the phenomena modeled is obtained through a certain sort of aggregation. There is not an application of sound, established theories to all the phenomena of a (...) certain kind, but an aggregation of the structures supposed, and of the results obtained, when particular systems are modeled. The recent case of the "El Farol Bar" problem, and the models built in order to face this problem, are a good example of this. We will analyze that case, trying to make clear what would be implied by the image above mentioned. Special attention will be paid to the need to take seriously the notion of a bounded rationality, linked to the special circumstances generating each decision problem, and to the existence of an irreducible pluralism of models. (shrink)

Separating from the humanistic/metaphysical interpretation, Heidegger’s original view of Aesthetics, Ethics and Logic, contains a new humanism centred in the idea of Gelassenheit. But Gelassenheit, the nucleus of poetic dwelling of man, is also the essence of the original artistic experience, that is in fact a poetic of the receptivity of being, in other words, an ethical and ontological original experience.

Este artículo muestra que el arte es para Cassirer una forma simbólica, no una copia de la realidad. La forma simbólica representauna peculiar síntesis entre un elemento sensible y un significado,de manera que el significado no existe al margen de la formasimbólica, sino que es ella misma. Por esta razón el símbolo provocaa pensar constantemente. El símbolo funda el sentido.Aquellacapacidad simbólica de síntesis es el poder de la metáfora. Lasformas simbólicas son formas del pensamiento metafórico. El arte,como modelo perfecto de (...) esa síntesis, es también modelo de pensamientometafórico, y por eso la obra de arte no puede ser sustituidapor filosofía. (shrink)

Este artículo estudia desde una perspectiva filosófica el papel que desempeña en nuestro mundo la imagen entendida en sentido amplio. Estamos en el mundo de la videosfera. Preferimos las imágenes a las cosas. Lo real se ha disuelto en simulacro. La realidad es ahora la imagen de la realidad, espectáculo. Nada hay ya fuera de las pantallas, de modo que el mundo se ha quedado sin misterio. El propio ser humano se ha convertido en homo aestheticus. En esta videocracia, el (...) mundo como imagen es consecuencia de una voluntad de poder que reduce lo real a objeto. La amenaza de desaparición de lo real y del ser humano todavía no se ha consumado. (shrink)

ESPAÑOL: Frente al positivismo racionalista, que sólo cree en el poder de la razón filosófica y que considera que el mundo es esencialmente racional y justo, y frente al tragicismo, que sostiene que la realidad carece de sentido y orden, y que por tanto sólo la poesía puede comprenderla, la actitud postrágica de Ortega, Heidegger y Adorno, afirma que sólo en la tensión entre filosofía y poesía puede salvarse el ser humano, porque sólo esa colaboración y diálogo le permite acceder (...) al ser. PORTUGUÊS: Filosofia e poesia no sentido pós-trágico: Ortega, Heidegger e Adorno. Contra o positivismo racionalista, que só acredita no poder da razão filosófica e considera que o mundo é essencialmente racional e justo, e em contraste com tragicism, que afirma que a realidade não tem significado e ordem, e, que portanto, somente a poesia pode compreendê-la, a atitude pós-trágica de Ortega, Heidegger e Adorno considera que apenas na tensão entre filosofia e poesia pode o ser humano salvar-se, porque somente essa colaboração dialógica entre filosofia e poesia lhe permite ter acesso ao ser. ENGLISH: Philosophy and Poetry from a Post-tragic Point of View: Ortega, Heidegger, Adorno. Against rationalist positivism, which only believes in the power of philosophical reason and considers that the world is essentially rational and fair, and in contrast with tragicism, which asserts that reality lacks meaning and order, and therefore only poetry can understand it, the post-tragic attitude of Ortega, Heidegger and Adorno states that only in the tension between philosophy and poetry the human being can be safe, because only that colaboration and dialog allows him to gain access to the being. -/- . (shrink)

ESPAÑOL: Frente al positivismo racionalista, que sólo cree en el poder de la razón filosófica y que considera que el mundo es esencialmente racional y justo, y frente al tragicismo, que sostiene que la realidad carece de sentido y orden, y que por tanto sólo la poesía puede comprenderla, la actitud postrágica de Ortega, Heidegger y Adorno, afirma que sólo en la tensión entre filosofía y poesía puede salvarse el ser humano, porque sólo esa colaboración y diálogo le permite acceder (...) al ser. PORTUGUÊS: Filosofia e poesia no sentido pós-trágico: Ortega, Heidegger e Adorno. Contra o positivismo racionalista, que só acredita no poder da razão filosófica e considera que o mundo é essencialmente racional e justo, e em contraste com tragicism, que afirma que a realidade não tem significado e ordem, e, que portanto, somente a poesia pode compreendê-la, a atitude pós-trágica de Ortega, Heidegger e Adorno considera que apenas na tensão entre filosofia e poesia pode o ser humano salvar-se, porque somente essa colaboração dialógica entre filosofia e poesia lhe permite ter acesso ao ser. ENGLISH: Philosophy and Poetry from a Post-tragic Point of View: Ortega, Heidegger, Adorno. Against rationalist positivism, which only believes in the power of philosophical reason and considers that the world is essentially rational and fair, and in contrast with tragicism, which asserts that reality lacks meaning and order, and therefore only poetry can understand it, the post-tragic attitude of Ortega, Heidegger and Adorno states that only in the tension between philosophy and poetry the human being can be safe, because only that colaboration and dialog allows him to gain access to the being. -/- . (shrink)

This article shows how Adorno and Horkheimer’s project of enlighten the enlightenment has as goal to overcome the dialectic of enlightenment and achieve an enlightenment without domination. The rationalization and disenchantment that define enlightenment have turned everything into an object that can be manipulated by human beings. In the administered world it has even come to reduce the human being itself to an object by means of his identification and deindividualization. This is the death of the human being. Enlightenment has (...) ended up in domination, in a totalitarian system. Auschwitz has represented the culmination of this understanding of thinking as identification. To save enlightenment is to avoid this dialectic of enlightenment, to demythologize the rationalizing enlightenment. This allows an open and altruistic thinking, which is non-identifying, alien to the domain and respectful of the individual human being. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de mostrar que en la filosofía de Ortega y Gasset ciencia (orientada hacia el conocimiento) y sabiduría (orientada hacia lo práctico-existencial) son inseparables. Esto significa que la di-mensión científica o teórica del pensamiento de Ortega no implica la eliminación de su dimensión práctica/existencial. El tema de la filosofía de Ortega como sabiduría es la vida buena y este ideal de vida es lo que Ortega llama ‘vocación’, ser uno mismo, autorrealización. Pero el ‘yo’ es inseparable (...) de la circunstan-cia. Por tanto, para ser yo, para salvarme yo mismo, hay que salvar la circunstancia. Por esta razón es necesa-ria una ciencia de la circunstancia que desvele el sentido (esencia) de este mundo de la vida. En definitiva, la filosofía de Ortega defiende la integración de lo teórico/científico y lo práctico. (shrink)

Este artículo afirma que la fenomenología, realización de la idea de filosofía como ciencia estricta, es la respuesta husserliana a la crisis epistemológica y ontológica que padecen la ciencia y la filosofía de su tiempo. Pero el sentido último de esta ciencia estricta fenomenológica es atender los problemas existenciales del ser humano debidos al divorcio establecido entre razón y existencia por la crisis Fin de Siècle. El proyecto fenomenológico ilustrado tiene para Husserl sobre todo un sentido práctico/existencial: fundamentar la idea (...) de Europa como ideal de una existencia humana basada en ideas de razón, con sentido. La respuesta a la crisis sólo puede ser la filosofía como ciencia estricta fundada sobre la experiencia antepredicativa del mundo de la vida en la que se nos dan las cosas mismas, ‘lo que’ son primariamente. La ciencia volverá a tener significado humano cuando se fundamente sobre ese ámbito originario de experiencia, verdadera fuente de todo sentido y categoría. (shrink)

La poesía de Juan Ramón Jiménez pretende volver a unir palabra y cosa, separadas por la crisis fin-de-siècle del lenguaje. Para lograrlo adopta un realismo mágico trascendente. El sujeto poético desvela el sentido oculto de las cosas y consigue aumentar el mundo mediante la conversión de la palabra poética en símbolo. La poesía piensa la realidad con la intuición, la cual se expresa simbólicamente. Esta es la dimensión gnoseológica de lo simbólico. Pero el símbolo tiene valor ontológico porque él mismo (...) es la cosa simbolizada. De este modo, la hace ser y conecta palabra y cosa. (shrink)

La actitud burguesa ante la muerte es posponerla y olvidarla. El sentido de la existencia, entonces, es alargar la vida todo lo posible. Heidegger entiende la muerte como la posibilidad más auténtica del ser humano: el ser humano está ahí para morir. En Unamuno, el _querer vivir_ del hambre de inmortalidad se funda sobre la conciencia del _tener que morir_; y, a su vez, el _tener que morir_ implica el hambre de inmortalidad. Este es el sentimiento trágico de la vida. (...) La muerte absoluta implica la falta completa de sentido. Así, el ser humano sería una pasión inútil. En el hambre de inmortalidad entonces hay una profunda afirmación del sentido de la vida como lucha por el sentido. Aunque la nada nos espere, hagamos que sea una injusticia, es decir, actúa de modo que no merezcas morir, que merezcas la eternidad y el sentido. Contra el nihilismo metafísico de Mefistófeles, así se fundamenta la esperanza. Por esto, la pasión es útil, porque solo podemos relacionarnos con la eternidad y el sentido mereciéndolos. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es pensar la esencia del arte en la filosofía de Ortega a partir de su libro La deshumanización del arte. El arte es para Ortega ante todo, como forma de la cultura, una interpretación del texto vital. Pero La deshumanización del arte no es un manifiesto de las vanguardias artísticas de principios del s. XX, sino una meditación sobre la esencia del arte. La meditación es la forma de pensar de la filosofía de la razón (...) vital de Ortega. En La deshumanización del arte, Ortega concibe el arte como isla ingrávida rodeada de realidad. Esto significa que el arte esencialmente es arte artístico, es decir, desrealización de la realidad y realización de la irrealidad. (shrink)